Emergency Medical Technician

Course Description

EMS0110C – Emergency Medical Technician is a substantive, integrated lecture-and-clinical course preparing students for entry-level pre-hospital emergency medical care and certification as a Florida Emergency Medical Technician (EMT). The course is structured at most Florida institutions as 12 college credits / minimum 300 clock-hours — an unusual hybrid structure reflecting both the substantial competency demands of EMT preparation and the institutional desire to award appropriate academic credit for the work involved. The course follows the Florida Department of Education EMT Curriculum Framework, which adheres to the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) National EMS Education Standards for EMT, and is taught only in programs approved by the Florida Department of Health Bureau of Emergency Medical Services per Florida Statutes Chapter 401 and Florida Administrative Code Chapter 64J.

Content covers the EMT scope of practice in pre-hospital settings: airway management; respiratory and circulatory support including CPR and AED use; assessment of medical and trauma patients; basic emergency management of medical emergencies (cardiac, respiratory, neurological, gastrointestinal, endocrine, immunological, infectious, behavioral, environmental); basic emergency management of traumatic injuries (soft-tissue, musculoskeletal, head/neck/spine, chest, abdominal, multi-system); basic emergency management of obstetric, pediatric, and geriatric patients; medication administration within EMT scope; ambulance operations and EMS communications; pre-hospital pharmacology overview; medical-legal considerations; mass-casualty incident response; hazardous materials awareness; and the substantial supervised clinical practice (hospital emergency department) and field-internship (ambulance ride-along) required to develop the assessment and treatment competencies essential for safe entry-level EMT practice.

The course sits within the Florida Statewide Course Numbering System (SCNS) under Emergency Medical Services > Foundational Coursework and is offered at approximately 27 Florida public institutions. EMS0110C is the entry course in the Florida EMS career ladder; completion is required prior to acceptance into the Paramedic program at all Florida paramedic-program institutions. Florida is among the most hurricane-affected states in the U.S., and the Florida tourism economy creates substantial year-round EMS demand — both factors driving persistent strong demand for qualified EMTs across the state. Graduates of EMS0110C are eligible to take the National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians (NREMT) examination for entry-level EMT certification, leading to Florida EMT certification through the Florida Department of Health Bureau of EMS Certification Office.

Learning Outcomes

Required Outcomes

Upon successful completion of EMS0110C, students will be able to:

• Apply principles of EMS systems and EMT roles: the U.S. EMS system; the Florida EMS system (Florida Department of Health Bureau of EMS, regional EMS structures, county and municipal EMS providers, fire-based EMS, private EMS, hospital-based EMS); EMT scope of practice (Florida-specific) vs. paramedic scope; the EMT-paramedic career ladder; the substantial role of EMS in U.S. healthcare and emergency response.
• Apply principles of safety and infection control in pre-hospital settings: standard precautions in the field; PPE selection for EMS work; bloodborne and airborne pathogen exposure prevention; vehicle safety; scene safety assessment; the substantial physical and psychological hazards of EMS work; mental-health awareness for EMS providers including peer-support and PTSD recognition.
• Apply principles of medical-legal and ethical issues: consent (informed consent, expressed consent, implied consent, consent in special situations including minors and incapacitated patients); refusal of treatment (and the documentation requirements); confidentiality and HIPAA in EMS settings; advance directives and DNR (Florida Do Not Resuscitate Order — Form DH 1896 yellow form); mandatory reporting requirements (Florida Statutes Chapter 39 — child abuse; Chapter 415 — adult abuse); scope of practice; documentation requirements; medical direction (online and offline); the substantial liability considerations in EMS practice.
• Apply principles of communications and documentation: radio communication procedures; the SOAP and CHART formats for documentation; pre-hospital care report (PCR) completion; the legal status of the PCR; the relationship between accurate documentation and patient care quality.
• Apply principles of medical terminology and human anatomy and physiology at the level required for EMT practice: body systems; medical terminology relevant to pre-hospital care; the relationship between anatomy/physiology and assessment.
• Apply principles of patient assessment: scene size-up; primary assessment (Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability); rapid trauma assessment; focused medical assessment; secondary assessment (head-to-toe physical examination); reassessment; vital signs (pulse, respirations, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, capillary refill, blood glucose); the substantial importance of systematic assessment in EMT practice.
• Perform airway management: opening the airway (head-tilt chin-lift, jaw thrust); suctioning; oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airway insertion; supraglottic airway awareness (specific use depends on Florida medical-direction protocols); bag-valve-mask ventilation; oxygen delivery (nasal cannula, simple mask, non-rebreather mask, bag-valve-mask); pulse oximetry interpretation; recognition of inadequate airway/breathing.
• Perform basic life support (BLS) per AHA guidelines: adult, child, and infant CPR; AED use; choking management at all age levels; team-based BLS in pre-hospital settings; the relationship between high-quality BLS and patient survival.
• Apply principles of shock recognition and management: types of shock (cardiogenic, hypovolemic, distributive — septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic — obstructive); shock recognition; pre-hospital shock management within EMT scope.
• Recognize and provide pre-hospital management of medical emergencies: cardiac emergencies (chest pain, MI recognition, congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock); respiratory emergencies (asthma, COPD exacerbation, pulmonary edema, pneumonia); neurological emergencies (stroke recognition using FAST or BE-FAST, seizure management, altered mental status); gastrointestinal emergencies (abdominal pain assessment, GI bleeding); endocrine emergencies (hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia recognition and management); immunological emergencies (anaphylaxis recognition and management including epinephrine auto-injector administration); infectious diseases; behavioral emergencies (with appropriate emphasis on de-escalation, scene safety, and patient dignity); environmental emergencies (heat illness — particularly relevant in Florida; hypothermia; drowning; lightning injury — Florida is the lightning capital of the U.S.; envenomation including snake, spider, and marine envenomation relevant to Florida).
• Recognize and provide pre-hospital management of trauma emergencies: soft-tissue injuries; musculoskeletal injuries (fractures, dislocations, sprains and strains); head, neck, and spine injuries; chest injuries; abdominal injuries; multi-system trauma; the substantial trauma volume in Florida driven by motor vehicle crashes, water-related injury, and violence.
• Recognize and provide pre-hospital management of obstetric emergencies and emergency childbirth: obstetric assessment; recognition of imminent delivery; assistance with normal childbirth; recognition of complications; care of the newborn.
• Apply principles of pediatric pre-hospital care: pediatric assessment triangle; age-specific normal vital signs; pediatric airway considerations; common pediatric emergencies (respiratory distress, fever and seizure, dehydration, asthma); pediatric trauma considerations; suspected child abuse recognition (and Florida mandatory reporting per FS Chapter 39).
• Apply principles of geriatric pre-hospital care: age-related changes affecting assessment and treatment; common geriatric emergencies; suspected elder abuse recognition (and Florida mandatory reporting per FS Chapter 415).
• Apply principles of medication administration within EMT scope (Florida-specific): EMT scope medications (typical Florida EMT scope includes oxygen, oral glucose, activated charcoal, aspirin, epinephrine auto-injector, naloxone, nitroglycerin assistance, metered-dose inhaler assistance, others depending on local medical-direction protocols); the "five rights" of medication administration; documentation requirements.
• Apply principles of ambulance operations: vehicle safety and inspection; emergency-driving practices; ambulance equipment and supplies; loading and transferring patients; transport considerations; EMS communications during transport.
• Apply principles of multiple-casualty incidents and disaster response: ICS (Incident Command System) at appropriate level for EMT; START triage; the Florida-specific disaster-response considerations (hurricane response is a substantial Florida EMS responsibility); the role of EMTs in mass-casualty incidents.
• Apply principles of hazardous materials and weapons of mass destruction awareness: HAZMAT awareness at the awareness level (per OSHA/NFPA standards); recognition of HAZMAT incidents; appropriate EMT response; weapons-of-mass-destruction awareness.
• Successfully complete required clinical and field-internship hours: typically a minimum of 18-24 hours of supervised hospital emergency department clinical practice; minimum of 72-96 hours of supervised field internship (ambulance ride-along). Exact hours vary by institution but consistently meet or exceed Florida Department of Health and FLDOE minimum requirements.
• Demonstrate professional behaviors and EMS culture appropriate to the field: punctuality and reliability; appropriate conduct in patient care, family interaction, and on scene; respectful communication with healthcare-team members and other public-safety responders; following directions; recognizing scope-of-practice limits; the importance of physical and mental wellness for sustained EMS career.
• Pass the National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians (NREMT) cognitive examination at entry-level EMT level — required for Florida EMT certification.
• Apply for and obtain Florida EMT Certification through the Florida Department of Health Bureau of EMS Certification Office.

Optional Outcomes

Depending on institutional emphasis:

• Engage with specialty awareness: tactical EMS; flight medicine introduction; wilderness EMS; community paramedicine concepts.
• Engage with introductory awareness of paramedic-level practice: the additional scope and responsibilities of paramedic practice; preparation for paramedic-program admission.
• Engage with specific Florida-relevant emergencies: hurricane response and recovery; mass tourism event medical response; theme-park medical response; cruise-ship medical evacuation interface; coastal and water-related emergencies.
• Pursue additional certifications: Pediatric Education for Prehospital Professionals (PEPP); Prehospital Trauma Life Support (PHTLS) at appropriate level; International Trauma Life Support (ITLS) at appropriate level; AHA Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) — typically pursued during paramedic training rather than at EMT level.

Major Topics

Required Topics

• EMS Systems and EMT Roles: U.S. EMS system; Florida EMS system structure; EMT scope of practice (Florida-specific) vs. paramedic; EMT-paramedic career ladder; EMS in U.S. healthcare and emergency response.
• Safety and Infection Control: Standard precautions in field; PPE selection; bloodborne and airborne pathogen exposure prevention; vehicle safety; scene safety assessment; physical and psychological EMS hazards; mental-health awareness (peer-support, PTSD recognition).
• Medical-Legal and Ethical Issues: Consent (informed, expressed, implied, special situations); refusal of treatment; confidentiality and HIPAA; advance directives and DNR (Florida DH 1896 yellow form); mandatory reporting (FS Chapter 39 child abuse, FS Chapter 415 elder abuse); scope of practice; documentation; medical direction (online and offline); EMS liability considerations.
• Communications and Documentation: Radio communication; SOAP and CHART documentation formats; pre-hospital care report (PCR) completion; PCR legal status; documentation/care-quality relationship.
• Medical Terminology and A&P: Body systems; medical terminology; A&P/assessment relationship.
• Patient Assessment: Scene size-up; primary assessment (ABCD); rapid trauma assessment; focused medical assessment; secondary assessment (head-to-toe); reassessment; vital signs (pulse, respirations, BP, SpO2, capillary refill, blood glucose); systematic assessment importance.
• Airway Management: Opening airway (head-tilt chin-lift, jaw thrust); suctioning; oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal airway; supraglottic airway awareness (per medical direction); BVM ventilation; oxygen delivery; pulse oximetry interpretation; recognition of inadequate airway/breathing.
• Basic Life Support (BLS): Adult/child/infant CPR per AHA; AED use; choking management; team-based BLS in pre-hospital settings; high-quality BLS/patient survival relationship.
• Shock Recognition and Management: Types of shock (cardiogenic, hypovolemic, distributive — septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic — obstructive); shock recognition; pre-hospital shock management within EMT scope.
• Medical Emergencies: Cardiac (chest pain, MI, CHF, cardiogenic shock); respiratory (asthma, COPD, pulmonary edema, pneumonia); neurological (stroke FAST/BE-FAST, seizure, altered mental status); GI (abdominal pain, bleeding); endocrine (hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia); immunological (anaphylaxis, epinephrine auto-injector); infectious; behavioral (de-escalation, scene safety, dignity); environmental (Florida-relevant: heat illness, lightning, envenomation).
• Trauma Emergencies: Soft-tissue; musculoskeletal (fractures, dislocations, sprains/strains); head/neck/spine; chest; abdominal; multi-system trauma; substantial Florida trauma volume.
• Obstetric Emergencies and Childbirth: Obstetric assessment; imminent delivery recognition; normal childbirth assistance; complication recognition; newborn care.
• Pediatric Pre-Hospital Care: Pediatric assessment triangle; age-specific normal vital signs; airway considerations; common emergencies (respiratory distress, fever and seizure, dehydration, asthma); pediatric trauma; suspected child abuse recognition and FS Chapter 39 reporting.
• Geriatric Pre-Hospital Care: Age-related changes affecting assessment and treatment; common geriatric emergencies; suspected elder abuse recognition and FS Chapter 415 reporting.
• Medication Administration (EMT Scope): Florida EMT scope medications (oxygen, oral glucose, activated charcoal, aspirin, epinephrine auto-injector, naloxone, nitroglycerin assistance, MDI assistance, others per local protocols); five rights of medication administration; documentation.
• Ambulance Operations: Vehicle safety and inspection; emergency-driving practices; ambulance equipment and supplies; patient loading and transfer; transport considerations; EMS communications during transport.
• Multiple-Casualty Incidents and Disaster Response: ICS (Incident Command System) for EMT level; START triage; Florida-specific disaster response (hurricane); EMT role in mass-casualty incidents.
• HAZMAT and WMD Awareness: HAZMAT at awareness level (OSHA/NFPA); HAZMAT incident recognition; appropriate EMT response; WMD awareness.
• Clinical and Field-Internship Practice: Hospital ED clinical (typically 18-24 hours minimum); ambulance field internship (typically 72-96 hours minimum); meeting or exceeding FLDOE/Florida DOH minimum requirements.
• Professional Behaviors and EMS Culture: Punctuality and reliability; appropriate conduct in patient care, family interaction, on scene; respectful communication with team and public-safety responders; following directions; scope-of-practice awareness; physical and mental wellness for sustained career.
• NREMT Examination Preparation: Targeted preparation for entry-level EMT cognitive examination.
• Florida EMT Certification: Application and certification through Florida DOH Bureau of EMS Certification Office.

Optional Topics

• Specialty Awareness: Tactical EMS; flight medicine introduction; wilderness EMS; community paramedicine concepts.
• Paramedic-Level Practice Awareness: Additional scope and responsibilities of paramedic; paramedic-program admission preparation.
• Florida-Relevant Emergencies: Hurricane response and recovery; mass tourism event medical response; theme-park medical response; cruise-ship medical evacuation interface; coastal and water-related emergencies.
• Additional Certifications: PEPP (Pediatric Education for Prehospital Professionals); PHTLS (Prehospital Trauma Life Support) at appropriate level; ITLS (International Trauma Life Support) at appropriate level; ACLS (typically pursued during paramedic training).

Resources & Tools

• Florida regulatory framework: The authoritative references are Florida Statutes Chapter 401 (governing Florida EMT certification and Florida EMS) and Florida Administrative Code Chapter 64J (specifically 64J-1 governing EMS programs); the FLDOE EMT Curriculum Framework; the Florida Department of Health Bureau of EMS at floridahealth.gov (4052 Bald Cypress Way, Tallahassee, FL 32311).
• National framework: U.S. Department of Transportation National EMS Education Standards for EMT (the curriculum standards EMT programs follow); National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians (NREMT) at nremt.org.
• Most-adopted textbooks at Florida institutions: Emergency Care by Limmer, O'Keefe et al. (Pearson) — among the most widely-adopted EMT textbooks; Emergency Care and Transportation of the Sick and Injured by AAOS (Jones & Bartlett) — substantial market share; Prehospital Emergency Care by Mistovich, Karren (Pearson); EMT Complete: A Comprehensive Worktext by Beebe, Myers (Pearson).
• Online learning platforms: Pearson MyLab BRADY (paired with Limmer); Jones & Bartlett Navigate (paired with AAOS); various commercial NREMT-preparation platforms (EMT Prep, Limmer Education, Pocket Prep, Smart Medic).
• Required clinical-skills supplies (provided by institution or required to purchase): EMT clinical attire (typically uniform pants and program-specific shirt); stethoscope; penlight; trauma shears; appropriate footwear (boots typically); the institution typically provides skills-lab equipment including airway adjuncts, BVM, AED trainers, splinting supplies, spinal-immobilization equipment, simulation manikins.
• Lab equipment (institution-provided): Skills-lab manikins (adult, child, infant CPR; intubation manikins where used); AED trainers; airway management trainers; spinal-immobilization equipment; ambulance simulators or actual ambulances at some institutions; high-fidelity simulation labs at well-equipped institutions.
• Industry credentials sought during/after the program: AHA BLS for Healthcare Providers Certification (typically required prior to course start); NREMT Entry-Level EMT Certification (the cognitive examination after course completion); Florida EMT Certification (state credential issued by Florida DOH Bureau of EMS after NREMT and other requirements met); awareness of additional certifications pursued during career (PEPP, PHTLS, ITLS, ACLS — typically during paramedic training).
• Clinical sites (typical Florida partners): Each institution maintains contractual relationships with hospital emergency departments and ambulance services for student clinical rotations. Common Florida partners include the AdventHealth, Orlando Health, BayCare, Lee Health, Memorial Healthcare, HCA Healthcare, Tampa General Hospital systems for hospital ED rotations; county fire-rescue departments (Miami-Dade Fire Rescue, Broward County Fire Rescue, Orange County Fire Rescue, Palm Beach County Fire Rescue, Hillsborough County Fire Rescue, Pinellas County EMS, Lee County EMS, Sarasota County EMS); municipal fire-rescue (Jacksonville Fire and Rescue, Tampa Fire Rescue, Miami Fire-Rescue, others); private ambulance services (American Medical Response, Falck, others) for ambulance ride-along internships.
• Career and Technical Student Organization: HOSA — Future Health Professionals for healthcare students broadly. Florida HOSA hosts EMS-relevant competitive events.
• Online resources: NREMT exam-preparation resources at nremt.org; EMT Prep (commercial); Limmer Education; National Association of EMTs (NAEMT) at naemt.org; multiple YouTube channels providing EMT education and review (Crunchy Medic, FOAMfrat, Medic Mike).
• Tutoring and support: Institution EMS-program skills labs; peer mentoring with advanced EMT and paramedic students; clinical preceptors at clinical sites; institutional EMS-program academic support.

Career Pathways

EMS0110C completion qualifies students for direct employment as Florida EMTs and serves as the entry point to the broader EMS career ladder. Specific career pathways include:

• Florida Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) (SOC 29-2041) — direct EMT work in Florida fire-rescue agencies, private ambulance services, hospital emergency departments (where some hospitals employ EMTs in patient-transport and ED-tech roles), industrial settings (theme parks, large industrial facilities), and special-event medical staffing. Florida starting EMT salaries typically range $32,000-$42,000 with substantial variation by employer type and benefits. Fire-based EMS positions typically offer the strongest compensation and benefits package.
• Fire-Rescue EMT (often combined with firefighter certification) — Florida fire-rescue agencies frequently combine EMT and firefighter responsibilities; many EMTs pursue parallel firefighter certification through Florida Bureau of Fire Standards and Training.
• Pathway to Paramedic — EMS0110C completion is required for admission to Florida Paramedic programs (typically EMS2664 or similar credit-bearing courses; substantial 1,000+ hour additional training). Paramedic certification opens doors to higher-compensation positions and broader scope of practice.
• Hospital ED Technician / Patient Care Technician — many Florida hospital emergency departments hire EMTs as ED techs for assessment, IV initiation (where state-permitted), patient transport, and procedure assistance.
• Theme-Park EMS — Walt Disney World, Universal Orlando, SeaWorld, and other major Florida entertainment venues maintain in-house emergency medical operations; substantial year-round demand.
• Special-Event Medical Staffing — Florida hosts substantial sporting events, concerts, festivals, and tourism events requiring on-site medical coverage.
• Industrial EMS — large Florida industrial facilities (Port of Tampa Bay, Port of Miami, Port Everglades, Port of Jacksonville, NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, defense contractors) maintain in-house emergency medical capability.
• Pathway to Healthcare Careers — EMT experience is widely valued for admission to nursing, physician assistant, medical school, respiratory therapy, and other healthcare programs; substantial Florida healthcare workforce includes many practitioners who started as EMTs.
• Florida EMS Employer Landscape: County fire-rescue and EMS departments (Miami-Dade Fire Rescue, Broward Sheriff's Office Fire Rescue, Palm Beach County Fire Rescue, Orange County Fire Rescue, Hillsborough County Fire Rescue, Pinellas County EMS, Lee County EMS, Sarasota County EMS, Manatee County EMS); municipal fire-rescue (substantial Florida cities); private ambulance services (American Medical Response, Falck, others); hospital-based EMS; industrial and event medical operations.

Special Information

Florida Regulatory Framework

EMS0110C is delivered only at programs approved by the Florida Department of Health Bureau of EMS per Florida Statutes Chapter 401 and Florida Administrative Code Chapter 64J. Program approval requires:

• Curriculum adherence to U.S. DOT National EMS Education Standards for EMT
• FLDOE EMT Curriculum Framework alignment
• Instructor qualifications meeting requirements set forth in 64J-1.0201 FAC
• Required medical director relationship (a Florida-licensed physician serving as program medical director)
• Required clinical and field-internship hour minimums
• Florida DOH Trauma Score Card Methodology training and SUIDS (Sudden Unexpected Infant Death Syndrome) education requirements

Florida-trained EMT applicants must pass the NREMT examination within two years of course completion; if unsuccessful within that timeframe, the applicant must retake the entire EMT training course.

Prerequisites

Standard prerequisites include:

• Age 18 or older (required for Florida EMT certification)
• Basic skills assessment (typically TABE) demonstrating Grade 10 or higher in reading and mathematics, or appropriate placement
• Florida Level 2 background screening per Florida law (criminal history screening can disqualify applicants from EMT certification — see Florida Statutes Chapter 401 for details)
• Negative drug screening
• Current immunizations consistent with clinical-site requirements (TB, MMR, Hepatitis B, varicella, influenza, COVID-19 — specific requirements vary)
• Current AHA BLS for Healthcare Providers or American Red Cross BLS Healthcare Provider CPR certification (required for entrance per FLDOE framework)
• Health insurance and clinical-site liability documentation
• Reliable transportation (clinical and ride-along sites typically distributed across the institution's service area)

Course Format and Hours

EMS0110C is a hybrid credit-bearing PSAV course structured at 12 college credits / minimum 300 clock-hours at most Florida institutions — typically delivered over one semester (15-16 weeks at approximately 20 hours per week). Course hours include:

• Approximately 90 hours of classroom lecture instruction
• Approximately 120 hours of skills-laboratory practice
• Approximately 18-24 hours of supervised hospital emergency department clinical rotation
• Approximately 72-96 hours of supervised ambulance field internship (ride-along)

The exact distribution varies by institution but consistently meets or exceeds Florida DOH and FLDOE minimum requirements.

Credits

EMS0110C is awarded 12 college credits at most Florida institutions — an unusual structure for a PSAV-prefix course reflecting the substantial competency demands of EMT preparation. Some Florida institutions deliver substantively-equivalent EMT preparation through credit-bearing course numbers (such as EMS1059 or similar institutional codes); content and outcomes are equivalent.

Physical Requirements

EMS work has substantial physical and psychological demands. Successful EMTs must be able to: lift and carry substantial weight (often 100+ pounds during patient extrication and transfers); work in confined spaces; stand, kneel, and work in difficult positions for extended periods; tolerate exposure to bodily fluids, infectious diseases, traumatic injuries, and emotionally difficult situations; work irregular hours including nights, weekends, and holidays; tolerate hot Florida outdoor conditions during emergency response; remain calm and effective under high-stress conditions. EMS work has substantial mental-health implications — exposure to traumatic events, deaths, and difficult patient/family interactions creates substantial PTSD and burnout risk. Physical and mental wellness are foundational to sustained EMS career success.

NREMT Examination and Florida EMT Certification

Following successful course completion, students apply for the NREMT cognitive examination. The NREMT cognitive exam is computer-adaptive, ranging from 70-150 questions depending on performance. After passing the NREMT examination, candidates apply to the Florida DOH Bureau of EMS for state EMT certification, providing:

• Course completion certificate (within 2 years of NREMT passing)
• NREMT certification
• Current AHA BLS for Healthcare Providers or Red Cross equivalent
• $75 application and examination fee
• Background-screening clearance

Florida EMT certificates are renewable every 2 years with continuing education requirements per Florida DOH and FAC Chapter 64J.

Course Code Variations

Florida institutions consistently use EMS0110C for the integrated lecture-and-clinical version of this course. The non-laboratory variant EMS0110 exists at some institutions; the integrated lecture-laboratory format is more common given the manual-skill nature of EMT work. Some Florida institutions deliver substantively-equivalent EMT preparation through credit-bearing course numbers (such as EMS1059 or institution-specific codes); content and outcomes are equivalent.