14.35Industrial Engineering

Industrial engineers design the systems that produce things — people, machines, materials, information and money working together. They lay out factories, set quality standards, schedule production, measure and improve work, and cut cost and waste out of processes. ⚠ It is the engineering discipline that most often leads into operations management, and the one least confined to manufacturing.

Data scientists turn messy data into decisions — cleaning and preparing it, building and validating statistical and machine-learning models, and explaining the result to people who will act on it. ⚠ There is no licence, no entrance examination and, for most people now working in the field, no data science degree: the occupation is older than the major.